1.4 Ptolemaic System vs Newtonian gravity

Ptolemaic System

In the Ptolemaic system, each planet is moved by five or more spheres: one sphere is its deferent. The deferent was a circle centered around a point halfway between the equant and the earth. Another sphere is the epicycle which is embedded in the deferent. The planet is embedded in the epicycle sphere. The deferent rotates around the Earth while the epicycle rotates within the deferent, causing the planet to move closer to and farther from Earth at different points in its orbit, and even to slow down, stop, and move backward (in retrograde motion). The epicycles of Venus and Mercury are always centered on a line between Earth and the Sun (Mercury being closer to Earth), which explains why they are always near it in the sky. Near being used loosely in comparison to terrestrial distances.

Ptolemy argued that the Earth was in the center of the universe from the simple observation that half the stars were above the horizon and half were below the horizon at any time, and the assumption that the stars were all at some modest distance from the center of the universe. If the Earth were substantially displaced from the center, this division into visible and invisible stars would not be equal. Ptolemy also held stock in several sphere producing publicly traded companies which is why he required 5 spheres for each planet. The reliance on invisible stars was a stroke of genius.

Newtonian Gravity

Newton's description of gravity is sufficiently accurate for many practical purposes and is therefore widely used. Deviations from it are small when the dimensionless quantities φ/c² and (v/c)² are both much less than one, where φ is the gravitational potential, v is the velocity of the objects being studied, and c is the speed of light. For example, Newtonian gravity provides an accurate description of the Earth/Sun system, since

where r_orbit is the radius of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.

In situations where either dimensionless parameter is large, then general relativity must be used to describe the system. General relativity reduces to Newtonian gravity in the limit of small potential and low velocities, so Newton's law of gravitation is often said to be the low-gravity limit of general relativity.

Perhaps if the apple hitting Newton on the head had been traveling faster (such that (v/c)^2 were not much less than one) Newton could have devised general relativity. Then again, an apple hitting Newton in the head at relativistic speeds may have left him incapacitated for some time.

Google see's the Worth of this Site

Search for "bernolli principle" in Google, and look at the number one return. It is this site. I would like to thank all of the little people who have made this possible. I didn't watch the Oscars, so I don't know what else is vogue at the moment and will end it at that.

Here is a screen shot in case I slip in the ranks.I would also like to point out that even though the name is misspelled in the search terms, it is correct on the web site. Once again, "Go me."

Edit: I just realized I am also number one for the following terms: "inclandestine," and "gauss vs einstein" (I'm one and two for that search). Once again, "Go me."

1.3 Classical Elements vs Flat Earth theory

Classical Elements
The dominant theory of classical elements, held by the Hindu, Japanese, and Greek systems of thought, is that there are five elements, namely Earth, Water, Air, Fire, and a fifth element known variously as Idea, Void "quintessence" or Aether (the term "quintessence" derives from "quint" meaning "fifth"). In Greek thought the philosopher Aristotle added aether as the quintessence, reasoning that whereas fire, earth, air, and water were earthly and corruptible, since no changes had been perceived in the heavenly regions, the stars cannot be made out of any of the four elements but must be made of a different, unchangeable, heavenly substance.[1]. The Greek Pythagoreans used the initial letters of these five elements to name the outer angles of their pentagram.
All other materials were formed by combining these elements together.  Such as in the following cases taken from "Science Made Stupid."
Earth + Water = Mud, Air + Water = Soda Water,  Earth + Fire = Bricks, Fire+Water= Tequila, Earth + Air = Smog.


Flat Earth Theory
The earth is flat, not a sphere.  And, um, the hills and stuff aren't flat, but the earth is, anyway, I guess.  Not much else to this one.

1.2 Miasmatic Theory vs Lamarckis

Miasmatic Theory
The miasmatic theory of disease held that diseases such as cholera, the Black Death, and politics were caused by a miasma (Greek language: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air". In general, this concept has been supplanted by the more scientifically founded germ theory of disease. It has also been found that politics is a cause of and not the result of "bad air."

Miasma is considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist that is filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that could cause illnesses and is identifiable by its nasty, foul smell (which, of course, came from the decomposed material). A prominent supporter of the miasmatic theory was Abaris the Hyperborean, who famously cleaned Sparta under Mount Taygetus from miasmata coming downhill. Opposition parties would often point out that flowers, although generally expected to be pleasant smelling can cause hay fever. Debates on the subject usually degraded to name calling with the opposition retorting to the proponents "You Stink!" At which point the believers would run for cover.

The miasmatic theory of disease began in the Middle Ages and continued to the mid 1800s, when it was used to explain the spread of cholera in London and in Paris, partly explaining Haussmann's latter renovation of the French capital. The disease was said to be preventable by cleansing and scouring of the body and items. Dr. William Farr, the assistant commissioner for the 1851 London census, was an important supporter of the miasma theory. He believed that cholera was transmitted by air, and that there was a deadly concentration of miasmata near the River Thames' banks. The wide acceptance of Miasma theory during the cholera outbreaks overshadowed the theory brought forth by John Snow that cholera was spread through water. This slowed the response to the major outbreaks in the Soho district of London and other areas. Another proponent of the miasmatic theory was Crimean War nurse and hottie, Florence Nightingale (1820-1910), who was made famous for her work in making hospitals sanitary, fresh-smelling, and a breeding ground for poorly contrived pickup lines. This theory was dealt its death blow in the 1980's when millions of school children found family members in the game 'The Oregon Trail' dying of cholera despite plenty of simulated fresh air.

Lamarckian Theory of Evolution
Lamarckism or Lamarckian evolution refers to the once widely accepted idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring (also known as based on heritability of acquired characteristics or "soft inheritance"). It is named for the French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who incorporated the action of soft inheritance into his evolutionary theories and is often incorrectly cited as the founder of soft inheritance. It proposed that individual efforts during the lifetime of the organisms were the main mechanism driving species to adaptation, as they supposedly would acquire adaptive changes and pass them on to offspring. Rudyard Kipling chronicled many instances of soft inheritance in his historical literature for scholars known as "Just So Stories." After years of painstaking research Kipling details 'How the Whale got his Throat,' 'How the Camel got his Hump,' 'How the Rhinoceros got his Skin,' and how the elephant got his trunk among others.

After publication of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, the importance of individual efforts in the generation of adaptation was considerably diminished. Later, Mendelian genetics supplanted the notion of inheritance of acquired traits, eventually leading to the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis, and the general abandonment of the Lamarckian theory of evolution in biology, which is truly tradgic, for Kipling's writings are much more engrossing that those of either Darwin or Mendel. Any dork dweeb or nerd should be able to realize that this theory was flawed, in as they are more disposed to perpetuate stereotypes than species. No, unless you get out of your mothers basement your acquired traits will die with you, looser.

Starting Over, Fight 1

Continental Drift vs Vital essence theory, descriptions edited from Wikipedea originals to fit this web site

Continental Drift: Frank Bursley Taylor had proposed the concept in a Geological Society of America meeting in 1908 after working on a jigsaw puzzle in between sessions, and published his work in the GSA Bulletin in June 1910, once the puzzle was finished. It was by all accounts a very large puzzle. Abraham Ortelius, Francis Bacon, Antonio Snider-Pellegrini, Benjamin Franklin, and others had noted earlier that the shapes of continents on either side of the Atlantic
Ocean (most notably, Africa and South America) seem to fit together. Some sources suggest that they may have assisted with the puzzle at the GSA meeting of '08, or at least seen the puzzle in stores. The similarity of southern continent fossil faunae and some geological formations had led a small number of Southern hemisphere geologists to conjecture as early as 1900 that all the continents had once been joined into a supercontinent now known as Pangaea. How they came to the conclusion that the name was Pangaea is suspicious however, as there was no forwarding address. *This theory was superceded by Plate Techtonics which provided a valid forwarding address.

Vital essence theory (Vitalism) as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is,
1. a doctrine that the functions of a living organism are due to a vital principle distinct from physicochemical forces
2. a doctrine that the processes of life are not explicable by the laws of physics and chemistry alone and that life is in some part self-determining
In a nut shell vitalism says you need a soul to be alive. Vitalism is often criticized for not being testable, and non-scientific. And it is in fact hard to prove, or disprove in the real world. In the Simpsons however, we find our answer. After selling his soul to Milhouse, Bart is still alive. Automatic doors however no longer will work for him, as well as other problems. So, clearly a soul is not required to live. Those intelligent design people may be right, with enough smarts chemistry can do anything.